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一共五页
五页之三
五页之三
Great Smoky Mountains
进山的时候，经过了 Cherokees 印地安人保留区。 关于美国的白人在当年怎么对待这儿的印地安人，
可以从 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_of_Tears 看到一斑。
ZT:
The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the
Western United States. The phrase originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831.[1] The removals were
motivated by U.S. desire for expansion, the desire to "save" Native Americans from extinction, and to profit from the acquisition of their assets
and resources. Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, starvation while enroute to their destinations.
In 1830, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee (Creek), and Seminole (sometimes collectively referred to as the Five Civilized
Tribes) were living as autonomous nations in what would be called the American Deep South. The process of cultural transformation (proposed
by George Washington and Henry Knox) was gaining momentum, especially among the Cherokee and Choctaw.[2] Indian removal was first
proposed by Thomas Jefferson. Andrew Jackson was the first U.S. President to implement removal with the passage of the Indian Removal Act
of 1830. In 1831 the Choctaw were the first to be removed, and they became the model for all other removals. After the Choctaw removal went
the Seminole in 1832, then the Creek in 1834, then the Chickasaw in 1837, and then finally the Cherokee in 1838.[citation needed] Removals
(from various parts of North America) continued to Indian Territory (and other regions not traditionally held by the tribe) well into the latter half of
the nineteenth century.
Cherokee forced relocation
Main article: Cherokee trail of tears
Principal Cherokee Chief John Ross by Charles Bird King, 1843.In 1838, the Cherokee Nation was removed from their lands in Georgia to the
Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 4,000 Cherokees.[17] In
the Cherokee language, the event is called Nunna daul Isunyi—“the Trail Where They Cried”. The Cherokee Trail of Tears resulted from the
enforcement of the Treaty of New Echota, an agreement signed under the provisions of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which exchanged
Native American land in the East for lands west of the Mississippi River, but which was never accepted by the elected tribal leadership or a
majority of the Cherokee people.
Tensions between Georgia and the Cherokee Nation were brought to a crisis by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega, Georgia, in 1829,
resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush, the first gold rush in U.S. history. Hopeful gold speculators began trespassing on Cherokee lands, and
pressure began to mount on the Georgia government to fulfill the promises of the Compact of 1802.
When Georgia moved to extend state laws over Cherokee tribal lands in 1830, the matter went to the U.S. Supreme Court. In Cherokee Nation
v. Georgia (1831), the Marshall court ruled that the Cherokees were not a sovereign and independent nation, and therefore refused to hear the
case. However, in Worcester v. State of Georgia (1832), the Court ruled that Georgia could not impose laws in Cherokee territory, since only
the national government — not state governments — had authority in Indian affairs.
“ John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it! ”
—-Andrew Jackson
Jackson probably never said this, but he was fully committed to the policy. He had no desire to use the power of the national government to
protect the Cherokees from Georgia, since he was already entangled with states’ rights issues in what became known as the nullification crisis.
With the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the U.S. Congress had given Jackson authority to negotiate removal treaties, exchanging Indian land in
the East for land west of the Mississippi River. Jackson used the dispute with Georgia to put pressure on the Cherokees to sign a removal
treaty.[18]
Nevertheless, the treaty, passed by Congress by a single vote, and signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, was imposed by his
successor President Martin Van Buren who allowed Georgian state troops to round up about 17,000 Cherokees in concentration camps before
being sent to the West. Most of the deaths occurred from disease, starvation and cold in these camps. After the initial roundup, the U.S. military
still oversaw the emigration until they met the forced destination. [19] Private John G. Burnett later wrote "Future generations will read and
condemn the act and I do hope posterity will remember that private soldiers like myself, and like the four Cherokees who were forced by
General Scott to shoot an Indian Chief and his children, had to execute the orders of our superiors. We had no choice in the matter." [20]
“ I fought through the War Between the States and have seen many men shot, but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew. ”
—- Georgia soldier who participated in the removal,[21]
Removed Cherokees initially settled near Tahlequah, Oklahoma. The political turmoil resulting from the Treaty of New Echota and the Trail of
Tears led to the assassinations of Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot; of the leaders of the Treaty Party, only Stand Watie escaped
his assassins. The population of the Cherokee Nation eventually rebounded, and today the Cherokees are the largest American Indian group in
the United States.[22]
There were some exceptions to removal. Perhaps 1,000 Cherokees evaded the U.S. soldiers and lived off the land in Georgia and other
states. Those Cherokees who lived on private, individually owned lands (rather than communally owned tribal land) were not subject to removal.
In North Carolina, about 400 Cherokees lived on land in the Great Smoky Mountains owned by a white man named William Holland Thomas
(who had been adopted by Cherokees as a boy), and were thus not subject to removal. These North Carolina Cherokees became the Eastern
Band of the Cherokee Nation.
可以从 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_of_Tears 看到一斑。
ZT:
The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the
Western United States. The phrase originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831.[1] The removals were
motivated by U.S. desire for expansion, the desire to "save" Native Americans from extinction, and to profit from the acquisition of their assets
and resources. Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, starvation while enroute to their destinations.
In 1830, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee (Creek), and Seminole (sometimes collectively referred to as the Five Civilized
Tribes) were living as autonomous nations in what would be called the American Deep South. The process of cultural transformation (proposed
by George Washington and Henry Knox) was gaining momentum, especially among the Cherokee and Choctaw.[2] Indian removal was first
proposed by Thomas Jefferson. Andrew Jackson was the first U.S. President to implement removal with the passage of the Indian Removal Act
of 1830. In 1831 the Choctaw were the first to be removed, and they became the model for all other removals. After the Choctaw removal went
the Seminole in 1832, then the Creek in 1834, then the Chickasaw in 1837, and then finally the Cherokee in 1838.[citation needed] Removals
(from various parts of North America) continued to Indian Territory (and other regions not traditionally held by the tribe) well into the latter half of
the nineteenth century.
Cherokee forced relocation
Main article: Cherokee trail of tears
Principal Cherokee Chief John Ross by Charles Bird King, 1843.In 1838, the Cherokee Nation was removed from their lands in Georgia to the
Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 4,000 Cherokees.[17] In
the Cherokee language, the event is called Nunna daul Isunyi—“the Trail Where They Cried”. The Cherokee Trail of Tears resulted from the
enforcement of the Treaty of New Echota, an agreement signed under the provisions of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which exchanged
Native American land in the East for lands west of the Mississippi River, but which was never accepted by the elected tribal leadership or a
majority of the Cherokee people.
Tensions between Georgia and the Cherokee Nation were brought to a crisis by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega, Georgia, in 1829,
resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush, the first gold rush in U.S. history. Hopeful gold speculators began trespassing on Cherokee lands, and
pressure began to mount on the Georgia government to fulfill the promises of the Compact of 1802.
When Georgia moved to extend state laws over Cherokee tribal lands in 1830, the matter went to the U.S. Supreme Court. In Cherokee Nation
v. Georgia (1831), the Marshall court ruled that the Cherokees were not a sovereign and independent nation, and therefore refused to hear the
case. However, in Worcester v. State of Georgia (1832), the Court ruled that Georgia could not impose laws in Cherokee territory, since only
the national government — not state governments — had authority in Indian affairs.
“ John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it! ”
—-Andrew Jackson
Jackson probably never said this, but he was fully committed to the policy. He had no desire to use the power of the national government to
protect the Cherokees from Georgia, since he was already entangled with states’ rights issues in what became known as the nullification crisis.
With the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the U.S. Congress had given Jackson authority to negotiate removal treaties, exchanging Indian land in
the East for land west of the Mississippi River. Jackson used the dispute with Georgia to put pressure on the Cherokees to sign a removal
treaty.[18]
Nevertheless, the treaty, passed by Congress by a single vote, and signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, was imposed by his
successor President Martin Van Buren who allowed Georgian state troops to round up about 17,000 Cherokees in concentration camps before
being sent to the West. Most of the deaths occurred from disease, starvation and cold in these camps. After the initial roundup, the U.S. military
still oversaw the emigration until they met the forced destination. [19] Private John G. Burnett later wrote "Future generations will read and
condemn the act and I do hope posterity will remember that private soldiers like myself, and like the four Cherokees who were forced by
General Scott to shoot an Indian Chief and his children, had to execute the orders of our superiors. We had no choice in the matter." [20]
“ I fought through the War Between the States and have seen many men shot, but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew. ”
—- Georgia soldier who participated in the removal,[21]
Removed Cherokees initially settled near Tahlequah, Oklahoma. The political turmoil resulting from the Treaty of New Echota and the Trail of
Tears led to the assassinations of Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot; of the leaders of the Treaty Party, only Stand Watie escaped
his assassins. The population of the Cherokee Nation eventually rebounded, and today the Cherokees are the largest American Indian group in
the United States.[22]
There were some exceptions to removal. Perhaps 1,000 Cherokees evaded the U.S. soldiers and lived off the land in Georgia and other
states. Those Cherokees who lived on private, individually owned lands (rather than communally owned tribal land) were not subject to removal.
In North Carolina, about 400 Cherokees lived on land in the Great Smoky Mountains owned by a white man named William Holland Thomas
(who had been adopted by Cherokees as a boy), and were thus not subject to removal. These North Carolina Cherokees became the Eastern
Band of the Cherokee Nation.
